The early months of 2026 have forced a familiar question back onto the table: what happens to the world economy when one of its most critical arteries gets cut? Following joint U.S and Israeli strikes on Iranian targets and Tehran’s retaliatory missile and drone campaign, the Strait of Hormuz, through which roughly 20% of the […]
Abstract This paper evaluates the adjustment of the global value chains (GVCs) after COVID-19, with a focus on resilience building within existing chains, selective reshoring, and geographic diversification. The author first discusses the pre-pandemic idea that GVC participation increases efficiency and then explains how the pandemic dual supply-demand shock revealed the vulnerabilities. The paper argues,
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Introduction The Red Sea has long held historical significance as a vital maritime route connecting Asia with Africa, Europe, and the American continent (Bordering Countries: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Sudan, Eritrea, and Djibouti). The major ports on the Red Sea are Jeddah Islamic Port, Port of Sudan, Port of Djibouti, Port of Massawa Eritrea, Yanbu
